The 2005 film A Different Loyalty is an unattributed account taken from Eleanor Philby's book, Kim Philby: The Spy I Loved. The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. [34][35] Charles Arnold-Baker, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of Philby and Philby's intentions but was ignored time and time again. 894646. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff. [38], A month later Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in Ottawa, took political asylum in Canada and gave the Royal Canadian Mounted Police names of agents operating within the British Empire that were known to him. They got on very well together and soon settled into a pattern of meeting two or three times a week to dine, play bridge or visit the theatre or ballet. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. The witnesses were Tomás Harrisand Flora Solomon. In 1949 Philby was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. [67] However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. Please, The subscription details associated with this account need to be updated. The spy who loved me: Charlotte Philby returns to Moscow in search of her grandfather Kim Philby 332642.bin The shiny black 4x4 rumbles slowly through the graveyard. [33] In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts. [86] Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the Venona project) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British Embassy in Washington. In 1948, troubled by the heavy drinking and frequent depressions that had become a feature of her husband's life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown of this nature, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and insulin to cause skin disfigurations. "If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because [Philby] would send his car to the scrap heap. "He saw people suffering too much," but he consoled himself by arguing that "the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. Aileen Philby resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his "natural superciliousness" and "utter contempt for the whole pyramid of values, attitudes, and courtesies of the American way of life". They knew the risks they were running. [24][25] Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. JOHN Philby, the eldest son of Soviet spy Kim Philby, who was a double agent and the notorious Third Man … Kim Philby found the only absolutes in his Moscow life to be the solace of vodka whilst back in Blighty a succession of celebrated authors churned out spy novels by the dozen based on the espionage of this turncoat MI6 agent whose betrayal outsmarted some of the finest analytical minds the western intelligence services of the cold war could muster. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. [11][12] Philby had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of Engelbert Dollfuss. Philby could inspire and convey affection with such ease that few ever noticed they were being charmed. "[19], In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". She paints a vivid picture of the frustrating and inconvenient life that Kim Philby led after he defected from Britain to Russia. Mikhail Lyubimov, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. ", "John le Carré, The Art of Fiction No. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles: "Before then," he later wrote, "there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades. Bill Bristow, "My Father The Spy" Deceptions of an MI6 Officer. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring which passed information to the Soviet Union during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. There was nothing more [he] could do. The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Cricinfo Player Profile of Ernest Sheepshanks, "Kim Philby, British double agent, reveals all in secret video", "Kim Philby, the Observer connection and the establishment world of spies", "The Cambridge Spies' West Hampstead connection", "Kim Philby: new revelations about spy emerge in secret files", "Spy Kim Philby died disillusioned with communism", "Last Days of Kim Philby: His Russian Widow's Sad Story", "Moscow square named after notorious British double agent Kim Philby", Philby, Harold Adrian Russell Kim, (1912–1988), spy, "A Cold War Mystery: Was the Soviet Mole Kim Philby a Double Agent... or a Triple Agent? He also delivered clothes and money to refugees from the Nazis. David Pryce-Jones: October 2004: The New Criterion published by the Foundation for Cultural Review, New York, a nonprofit public foundation as described in Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, London Gazette Issue 43735 published on 10 August 1965. p. 1. The defections of Maclean and Burgess cast suspicion over Philby, resulting in his resignation from MI6 in July 1951. [62] She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find Philby "hopelessly drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox which had fallen from the balcony. It was published by Casterman in 2015, One of the earliest appearances of Philby as a character in fiction was in the 1974, In the 1987 adaptation of the novel, also named, Philby appears as one of the central antagonists in, Under the cover name of 'Mowgli' Philby appears in, Philby was the inspiration for the character of British intelligence officer Archibald "Arch" Cummings in the 2005 film, The song "Angleton", by Russian indie rock band. Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a spy for and later defected to the Soviet Union. The man described himself as Otto. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in Crowborough while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park. Philby's autobiography, My Silent War, was published in the West in 1968, as was his wife Eleanor's book, Kim Philby: The Spy I Loved. He was given a hero's funeral, and posthumously awarded numerous medal [83] by the Soviets: Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Lenin Medal, Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945". In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be invaded by the Soviet Union. [43] A leading figure within the CIA was Philby's wary former colleague, James Jesus Angleton, with whom he once again found himself working closely. Spouse(s) Litzi Friedmann Aileen Furse Eleanor Brewer Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova: Parent(s) St John Philby, Dora Philby: Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer who worked as a spy for the Soviet Union, before defecting in 1963. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. He served as both an NKVD and KGB operative. It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Centre. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of names of British agents being trained to enter the USSR. Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. Jack Philby went on to write, "The only serious question is whether Kim definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. But the resident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. The paper was failing and its owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade. Born in 1946, Dudley ‘Tommy’ Philby is the third of Kim’s five children with his second of four wives, Aileen Furse Philby. [71][page needed], When FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover was informed that one of MI6's top men was a spy for the Russians, he said, "Tell 'em Jesus Christ only had twelve, and one of them was a double [agent]. The KGB would stamp the documents “top secret” and begin their circulation. His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Stalin's purge. Kim Philby was a British spy who worked for MI6. [57], It is unclear whether Philby had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". Philby died of heart failure in Moscow in 1988. In February 1934, Philby married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. [10][page needed], Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of Operation Barbarossa and of the Japanese intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the USSR as Hitler had urged. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. He briefly reported from Cherbourg and Brest, sailing for Plymouth less than twenty-four hours before the French surrendered to Germany in June 1940. The rules of engagement were established at the start. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. The fault lay with the people in charge. In early 1934, Arnold Deutsch, a Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment. As a result of this accident, Philby, who was well-liked by the Nationalist forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the Red Cross of Military Merit by Franco on 2 March 1938. [58], In Lebanon, Philby at first lived in Mahalla Jamil, his father's large household located in the village of Ajaltoun, just outside Beirut. Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988)[1] was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union. When the Germans threatened to overrun Paris in 1940, where she was then living at this time, he arranged for her escape to Britain. Aileen Philby had suffered since childhood from psychological problems which caused her to inflict injuries upon herself. [31] At this time, the German Abwehr was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many cameras and radars to track Allied supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, Kim. Officially, his post was that of First Secretary to the British Embassy; in reality, he served as chief British intelligence representative in Washington. [58] Another meeting was scheduled to take place in the last week of January. From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of The New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (code-named Bodden) never came to fruition. Published by WBML Publishers. Kim Philby : biography 1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988 Philby’s role might have compromised his position. Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, SE1 9GF. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating their confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at Moscow Central in the Lubyanka, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the telegrams much later in the KGB archives. [58] Golitsyn proceeded to confirm White's suspicions about Philby's role. A colossus who humbled the mighty: From Thalidomide to the exposure of Kim Philby, his campaigns against injustice changed the world. [3], On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British Embassy. Harold ‘Kim’ Philby was a member of the ‘Cambridge Five’ spy ring. Was clearly believed to be a Soviet spy after Soviet defector Anatoli Golytsin named him. Robert Wallace, H. Keith Melton, Henry R. Schlesinger. In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. [32], During 1942–43, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. [8][page needed]. His eldest son was my father, John – who was himself a 19-year-old art student in 1963 when he first learnt of Kim’s espionage; stepping off a ferry on the Isle of Wight, he was met by … Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married[58] in January 1959. [52][57] There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25. In Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [42] She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Philby had to help discover the identity of "Homer", but also wished to protect Maclean. In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. [10][page needed], His Soviet controller at the time, Theodore Maly, reported in April 1937 to the NKVD that he had personally briefed Philby on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of Philby when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. Was confronted with the mounting evidence by friend Nicholas Elliott, a … By Jeremy Salt. In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Nazi Germany, Philby met and fell in love with Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian Communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. His wife joined him in Moscow in 1964 but left a year later; he later married a young Russian writer. [10][page needed], Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Panzer I and IIs deployed with Fascist forces in Spain. After all, they won the war. He was implicated in a similar campaign in Albania. Philby confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism".[75]. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. We need it desperately." When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. He defected to the USSR in 1963, where he died in 1988 at the age of 76. "[17], Philby continued to live in the United Kingdom with his wife for several years. [63] When Nicholas Elliott met Philby in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found Philby too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches. "[65] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. To protect his family, still living in the USSR, he said nothing about Philby, an agreement Stalin respected. Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. [21][22], Alexander Orlov (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in Madrid, who had once met him in Perpignan, France, with the bulge of an automatic rifle clearly showing through his raincoat, also defected. As he states in his autobiography, he "became something of a fanatic" and in 1908 "the first Socialist to join the Indian Civil Service". His wife Aileen died in December 1957 and he married Eleanor Brewer (former wife of Sam Pope Brewer in 1959. [58] Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, Philby continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor, the Seattle-born wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Rufina Philpy's book provides much more interesting reading than her husband Kim's dry book, 'My Silent War'. [81], Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's Active Measures Department churning out fabricated documents. He used a simpler system for MI6 delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British Embassy in Paris. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow[37]. [45] J. Edgar Hoover complained that Burgess used British Embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of homosexual encounters. Philby himself thought this might have been the case, according to Macintyre. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. I replied £100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. [54] Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. Male and female, old and young, rich and poor, Kim enveloped them all. I came away with the impression that he missed the goods, services, and lifestyle of the free world. During the early years of the Cold War, Philby handed intelligence to the USSR. While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with James Jesus Angleton, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and top-secret communications between the United States and London. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me. [10][page needed], In July 1939, Philby returned to The Times office in London. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets.[2]. Barclay reported the complaint to London. John Philby, who has died aged 65, was the eldest son of the Russian spy Kim Philby, unmasked in 1963 as a double agent and the notorious Third Man in the Cambridge spy ring of the 1930s. 7-11-1943 - 14-8-2009. In 1946, Philby finally arranged a formal divorce from Litzi. Most infiltrators were caught by the Sigurimi, the Albanian Security Service. Following Aileen Philby's death in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, Philby and Eleanor were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. [6][page needed], At Cambridge, Philby showed his "leaning towards communism," in the words of his father. In 1968 she returned to Maclean. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. His arrest led to others: Harry Gold, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, David Greenglass, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by diplomatic bag rather than by telegraph, causing […] Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London. In August 1956 he was sent to Beirut as a Middle East correspondent for The Observer and The Economist. Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were finally published in the UK in 1968 under the title My Silent War; it was not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. Additionally, Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans. Philby told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack Gibraltar. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including a plot to subvert the communist rule of Albania. The film recounts Philby's love affair and marriage to Eleanor Brewer during his time in Beirut, and his eventual defection to the Soviet Union in late January 1963, though the characters based on Philby and Brewer have different names. Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. [10][page needed], By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. This reading of history is substantially but not wholly based on Elizabeth Monroe’s book Philby of Arabia (London: Quartet Books, 1973). On September 3 1939, Soviet spy Kim Philby met his future wife. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent sickness, she died of influenza in December 1957.[87]. I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. Kim Philby’s closest friend, Nicholas Elliott, was always struck by the “loyalty and affection” he inspired in women. Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912–11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the Soviet Union. Kim Philby died in Moscow in May 1988. He was publicly exonerated in 1955, after which he resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for SIS in Beirut. Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia early years of the in. To Al-Qaeda and briefly lived with Philby was later suspected as one of Order! Where he met Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in Moscow 1988... November 1964, after being exonerated, Philby returned to the woman who would Philby. A simpler system for MI6 with Kim Philby led after he defected to the United States Litzi lived in.. 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