Services. and through reference. Cohesive writing is writing which holds contributes to the overall cohesion of a and also between two or several paragraphs: for example, in other, Cohesive devices Teacher resource Example: take, takes, throughout the sentence or paragraph to maintain the identity of the subject (one). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Cohesion in texts includes the use of connectives and conjunctions and more sophisticated texts effectively use a variety of referring words, substitutions, word associations and text connectives to improve the flow of the writing. Improving your Coherence & Cohesion Examples of Cohesive Devices This is a vital feature of writing – manage this effectively and your readers task becomes much easier – that would be a sign of excellent coherence & cohesion. It also includes a coherence sheet on key connections and two practice activities. Thus, cohesion is objectively verifiable, while coherence is more subjective. Cohesion word is derived from the word cohere which means “to stick together”. If we removed those words, there would be no obvious connection between the sentences (other than the keywords), and the reader would have to guess the function of each sentence. There are many different ways to promote cohesion through the use of … In this post, I’ll define and differentiate these terms, and provide some quick tips for incorporating cohesion into your teaching. study credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Put new … Cohesion concerns the flow of sentences and paragraphs from one to another. Essay organization The terms used in clausal substitution are so and not. Ellipsis indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. It has a population of 530,000 people. So, although CBM writing samples have been demonstrated to be valid indicators of writing proficiency, they do not appear well suited for assessment of higher level text elements such as cohesion. Writers use a variety of techniques to provide cohesion, or 'stickiness,' (specifically the way the words, sentences, paragraphs, and ideas stick together) in their writing. The next example, (135) is one of clausal substitution, where so substitutes the previous clause. There are a variety of ways to establish the known-new contract in your writing: 1.1 pronouns Pronouns stand in for nouns that come before them. The body paragraphs should support the thesis statement and should be arranged in a clear hierarchy. Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. Cohesion Below is the example passage again. I thought I’d make this video because a lot of you seem to be a little bit confused about what coherence and cohesion means and so I thought that I would make a video today showing you in basic practical terms with examples and everything what it actually means in real life, in … just create an account. If we removed those words, there would be no obvious connection between the sentences (other than the keywords), and the reader would have to guess the function of each sentence. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. Example (134) shows the substitution of looks pretty good in the first clause with so does in the second one. It involves the tying together of old information and new. Cohesion refers to the ties between the parts of a piece of writing and it is achieved through the use of cohesive devices, such as whereas, meanwhile, therefore, etc. Cohesion is an extensive area and can be approached at a discrete item level, e.g. This is done through articles (a/an/the), pronouns(it/this/these/that/those/etc..), word families (analyse/ analysis) / summary nouns(approach/trend/issue)and synonyms (effect/consequence). Examples of Cohesive and Non-Cohesive Paragraphs. For example, a memoir might begin with a single image such as a broken window. The reason why researchers focus on the role of cohesion in writing so much is the fact that cohesion is assumed to contribute to the coherence of any piece of writing. To join ideas and sentences, we use a number of connecting words and phrases. References Coherence also means “clarity of expression” and it is created when correct vocabulary and grammar are used. Learn more. This was the highest ever number of people in the history of voting. To enable the reader to follow your thoughts, they need to be clearly and smoothly linked. 's' : ''}}. Did you know… We have over 220 college The key to effective coherence is planning – spending a few minutes planning your IELTS writing highly recommended. Anyone can earn by AEUK | Aug 12, 2018 | Grammar | 0 comments. Some of the examples of procedural cohesion are read, write, edit of the module, record use out, writing out the record, reading the record, zero padding to the numeric fields, returning records etc. These devices help create cohesive writing, and like the coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions have the added benefit of giving the writing a smooth, flowing quality. The best way to develop your writing skills and to enhance the coherence and cohesion of your essay is through feedback. That is something that you want to avoid in your own writing. But, aspirants usually overlook this criterion and due to this they score less in this task. Contrasting Ideas: ‘however’, ‘on the other hand’, ’let’s not forget the fact that’. This worksheet helps to consolidate what ‘cohesion’  is with a focus on pronouns, word forms and summary nouns. How Transitions Show Shifts, Sequence & Relationships in Your Writing, Quiz & Worksheet - Making Writing Cohesive, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Paragraph Form: Definition, Types & Examples, Thesis Development: Steps and Instructions, Citing Textual Evidence to Support Analysis, Pennsylvania Grades 4-8 - English Language Arts Subject Concentration (5156): Practice & Study Guide, Biological and Biomedical The next example, (135) is one of clausal substitution, where so substitutes the previous clause. Cohesion in texts effectively improves the flow of the writing through the use a variety of referring words, substitutions and word associations as well as conjunctions and connectives. Margaret has taught both college and high school English and has a master's degree in English. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? | 12 and through reference. Typically, the writer's point of view is established in the first sentence, and that point of view is maintained throughout an entire work. Do note that in the third edition of Introduction to Functional Grammar, Halliday and Mattthiessen divide up cohesion … Activity 3: conjunction posters. Coherence & Cohesion in IELTS Writing. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons Organizing the essay around those key points, and repeating the key words or phrases in the topic sentences of the body paragraphs, can create cohesion. This can be used with the linking words cut up and matching activity (here / or see below), This lesson provides valuable practice in improving formal linking words. By establishing a clear relationship to their antecedents, pronouns can help create cohesion. Temporal Cohesion It is related to the broader concept of coherence.. There are strategies that you can use to e… to explain the key idea of the previous sentence. Their research / evidence seems to suggest that a lack of communication is one of the key issues. 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So, to learn how to write well-structured paragraphs and skilfully connect your ideas with a logical flow, E2Language is running a full-day IELTS writing workshop at … But how do you do that? | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Without both coherence and cohesion, the readers may detect choppiness in the text and feel as if there are gaps in the ideas presented. Using a noun [this/these + summary noun] to explain the key idea of the previous sentence. This worksheet helps to consolidate what ‘cohesion’  is with a focus on pronouns, word forms and summary nouns. 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Let’s look at types of cohesive devices. Another way writers use repetition to aid cohesion is by using parallelism. Anaphoric Reference means that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its... #2 Cataphoric References. Create your account, Already registered? What do we mean when we speak about Coherence and Cohesion? Select a subject to preview related courses: Correlative conjunctions, including the words 'however,' 'therefore,' and 'nonetheless,' can also be used to show the relationship between clauses. Parallelism occurs when writers select the same grammatical form to express related ideas. Brexit were to regain sovereignty, to cut immigration, and to remove restrictions of the single market to access global markets, This information sheet (above) provides students with a range of logical connectors. Despite of the dangers of eating too much junk food, people are still consuming these types of food and risking their health. Together with coherence, cohesion makes up 25% of the mark in both Writing Task 1 and Task 2.. Visit the Pennsylvania Grades 4-8 - English Language Arts Subject Concentration (5156): Practice & Study Guide page to learn more. Let’s look at types of cohesive devices. Another way writers provide cohesion in their writing is by using a consistent point of view. A writer using a framing device might return to the broken window image at the conclusion of the work. Some of the elements of cohesion include appropriate transitions, consistent point of view, and repetitive elements. The best way to develop your writing skills and to enhance the coherence and cohesion of your essay is through feedback. Teachers can also make learners aware of the cohesive features of a text, asking them to identify examples of reference, substitution, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. Other examples include framing devices, or repeated images or ideas that appear at the beginning and end of a work of writing, parallelism, or when writers select the same grammatical form to express related ideas, and conjunctions, which are either coordinating ('and' or 'but') or correlative ('however' or 'therefore'), and show a relationship between different ideas. Create an account to start this course today. To enable the reader to follow your thoughts, they need to be clearly and smoothly linked. Cohesion is one of those words which many people (including native English speakers!) Example: The main arguments for Brexit were to regain sovereignty, to cut immigration, and to remove restrictions of the single market to access global markets. Cohesion is an extensive area and can be approached at a discrete item level, e.g. For example: Example: In contrast to the conclusion drawn by Smith (2004), Nguyen (2006) showed that the connection between the factors was not causal in most circumstances. courses that prepare you to earn Ellipsis indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning. ; A cohesive text is created in many different ways. To be more precise, coherence is the unity of ideas, while cohesion refers to the unity of structural elements. Coherence & Cohesion holds the maximum weightage in IELTS Writing – Academic and General Tests. Quiz & Worksheet - Who is Judge Danforth in The Crucible? Coherent writing uses devices to connect ideas within each sentence and paragraph. By Coherence and Cohesion we understand: skillful paragraph management, logical sequence of ideas and information, Coherence makes sure your ideas connect to create a clear “whole”. Cohesive writing is writing which holds contributes to the overall cohesion of a and also between two or several paragraphs: for example, in other, Cohesive devices Teacher resource Example: take, takes, throughout the sentence or paragraph to maintain the identity of the subject (one). The key to effective coherence is planning – spending a few minutes planning your IELTS writing highly recommended. Example:Jones (2016) analysed the data and found that …. A writer using a framing device might return to the broken window image at the conclusion of the work. There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical cohesion: based on structural content; lexical cohesion: based on lexical content and background knowledge. #3 Exophoric Reference. To introduce examples, writers might use transitional phrases such as 'for instance' or 'for example.'. There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical cohesion: based on structural content; lexical cohesion: based on lexical content and background knowledge. The reason why researchers focus on the role of cohesion in writing so much is the fact that cohesion is assumed to contribute to the coherence of any piece of writing. Connectors, linking words/phrases and transitional words are the Cohesive Devices. Coherence & Cohesion in IELTS Writing. This can be accomplished by the use of transition sentences. Writers use a number of techniques to make their writing cohesive. Principles. Cohesion in writing can be thought of as the way the words, sentences, paragraphs, and ideas stick together. Methods of Cohesion with Examples #1 Anaphoric Reference. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. An awareness of this writing element really helps establish unity and readability in sentence structure. Lexical Cohesion . Do note that in the third edition of Introduction to Functional Grammar, Halliday and Mattthiessen divide up cohesion into paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, with collocation being the only sy… A good writer tends to use the same tense to hold the text together. Cohesion is an important feature of academic writing. Use the conjunction posters resource (PDF 818.57KB) to teach students about using conjunctions for a purpose. Using English for Academic Purposes. Additionally, the categorical or binary scoring system of this checklist created ‘absolute’ scoring criteria that reduced subjectivity, but also variability. In addition to these above key areas, relative clauses, ellipsis and connectors are also important. This analysis provided evidence that…. Cohesion is the degree to which sentences “glue.” Coherence is the logical division of the writing into internally consistent units (usually paragraph units). This understanding / assumption / thought / knowledge is also shared with financial experts. Principles. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. Example  Level: ***** [B2/C1] /  TEACHER MEMBERSHIP, £0.80 – Add to cart Checkout In my experience, IELTS candidates often get their lowest score in coherence and cohesion. But when we’re teaching—especially writing, but the other skills as well—it can be valuable to introduce these ideas to students, cohesion in particular. This information sheet (above) provides students with a range of logical connectors. Cohesion in texts effectively improves the flow of the writing through the use a variety of referring words, substitutions and word associations as well as conjunctions and connectives. Example: Bristol is situated in the South west of the U.K. Readers should be able to understand how each paragraph relates to what has come before it. practising article use or differing synonyms. We call these nouns antecedents. 127 lessons To be more precise, coherence is the unity of ideas, while cohesion refers to the unity of structural elements. In this lesson, you will learn ways to improve the cohesion and coherence of your writing. Cohesion refers to the way texts use grammar and vocabulary to ‘stick’ or ‘glue’ ideas together. Repetitive and linking elements, transitions (or words and phrases that serve as cues to the reader and help them move from sentence to sentence or paragraph to paragraph), and a consistent point of view are just a few of the tools available to writers who want to include elements of cohesion in their writing. We'll look at organisation in more detail another day, but today we'll stop there with it because we're focusing on the other half of what makes your writing and speaking flow: cohesion. Procedural cohesion is found at the top of the hierarchy like the module of main program. Conflict Between Antigone & Creon in Sophocles' Antigone, Quiz & Worksheet - Metaphors in The Outsiders, Quiz & Worksheet - Desiree's Baby Time & Place, Quiz & Worksheet - The Handkerchief in Othello. An awareness of this writing element really helps establish unity and readability in sentence structure. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Use the conjunction posters resource (PDF 818.57KB) to teach students about using conjunctions for a purpose. Framing devices are repeated images or ideas that appear at the beginning and end of a work of writing. Framing devices are repeated images or ideas that appear at the beginning and end of a work of writing. Put simply, then: cohesion is a formal feature of texts (it gives them their texture), while coherence is "in the eye of the beholder" - that is to say, it is the extent to which the reader (or listener) is able to infer the writer's (or speaker's) communicative intentions. Log in here for access. Official Government figures (2016), 34 million people voted equating to a 72% turnout. Here are some examples of Cohesive Devices that you can use in your IELTS Essay Writing Task. Example: Economists believe that the next financial crisis will be from Student Loan debt. It also includes a coherence sheet on key connections and two practice activities. These words are called coordinating conjunctions, and they're often a crucial element in linking ideas. For example, in the 2016 VCAA exam, a possible essay prompt given was: “In Australia today, variations from the standard tends to be more acceptable in speaking than in writing.” In this prompt, the idea to be discussed is standard vs. non-standard Australian English. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Essay Prompt 2: In at least one to two paragraphs, explain parallel structure, and describe why it … For example: and – to add information For example: and – to add information Study.com has thousands of articles about every Academic writing usually deals with complex ideas. Using a synonym to avoid word repetition of the previous sentence. For example, if writers use the first person point of view, which includes 'I,' 'me,' or some other first person pronoun, they'll stay with the first person point of view to make the writing consistent and thus, cohesive. Examples of cohesion: Read the following paragraphs carefully and pay careful attention to the cohesive devices in bold . Get access risk-free for 30 days, Teachers can also make learners aware of the cohesive features of a text, asking them to identify examples of reference, substitution, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. They are very prevalent in academic writing. Examples of cohesion: Read the following paragraphs carefully and pay careful attention to the cohesive devices in bold . For example, to show the passage of time, writers might use transitional words such as 'first,' 'later,' or 'after.' For example: Example of faulty use. It defeats the whole purpose of writing, which is to relay ideas in a clear and efficient manner. &RKHVL RQL Q:ULWLQJ Z(o}Á[Xt }Z ]}v oo Z o À o ~Á} U Z U v v v P Z U]v} } ^Çv}vÇu W }u } Z íX Academic writing is a kind of formal style of writing practiced mainly in the universities and in publications. 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Another way writers use repetition to aid cohesion is by using parallelism. Full access to everything: NO restrictions. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? When we write academic essays, particularly in the humanities, we work hard to foster cohesion structurally, which enhances a reader's understanding of our ideas.. How can I create cohesion? Even simple words such as 'and,' 'but,' and 'or' can show the relationship between ideas. Official Government figures (2016), 34 million people voted equating to a 72% turnout. Cohesion is the way you connect paragraphs and sentences together in your essay. Consistency (eg in the use of pronouns) Consistency in the use of certain terms also contributes to cohesion. You can test out of the Procedural cohesion is found at the top of the hierarchy like the module of main program. Repetitive elements such as framing devices can also provide cohesion in writing. Academic writing is a kind of formal style of writing practiced mainly in the universities and in publications. 5. Two of the most interesting (experiments) are based around Smith’s (2018) work. Cohesion and coherence are the two important things considered while writing any content and are properties of written material considered in discourse analysis and text linguistics. Have you ever read something that was hard to follow, where the writer jumped around from idea to idea and did not have unity or consistency to connect the words, sentences, and paragraphs? It is related to the broader concept of coherence.. There are a variety of ways to establish the known-new contract in your writing: 1.1 pronouns Pronouns stand in for nouns that come before them. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. Example (134) shows the substitution of looks pretty good in the first clause with so does in the second one. Together with coherence, cohesion makes up 25% of the mark in both Writing Task 1 and Task 2.. This type of repetition also ensures cohesive writing. For example, the '-ing' participle ending in the following sentence is an example of parallelism: 'My grandmother enjoys fishing, swimming, and camping.'. Paragraph coherence and cohesion results in paragraph unity.To ensure that your paragraphs have unity, there are two things to keep in mind: it must have a single topic (found in the topic sentence) and sentences provide more detail than the topic sentence, while maintaining the focus on the idea presented. The first paragraph should include a thesis statement, which announces the main idea or argument of the paper.The rest of the sentences should lead up to or anticipate the thesis, either directly or indirectly. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. So, let’s get familiar with these important factors that play a vital role in fetching a high score in Task 2 (Essay Writing) of IELTS Writing exam. Some of the examples of procedural cohesion are read, write, edit of the module, record use out, writing out the record, reading the record, zero padding to the numeric fields, returning records etc. cohesion definition: 1. the situation when the members of a group or society are united: 2. the situation when the…. Your writing or speaking is in an appropriate structure for the task with appropriate sections. Cohesion in writing Cohesive devices in writing. It can be achieved by using signposting phrases. The marking criteria for Band 6 says: ‘Uses cohesive devices effectively but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanica l.’ Can you spot the faulty cohesion in the example below? Interesting ( experiments ) are based around Smith ’ s look at types of food and risking their health.. What has come before it when correct vocabulary and grammar are used test out of the in. Sentence structure of main program cohesion is an extensive area and can be achieved through of. Forms and summary nouns sentence worksheet posters resource ( PDF 818.57KB ) to teach about! From Student Loan debt coherence is the unity of ideas, while coherence is more.. Return to the way you connect paragraphs and sentences, paragraphs, and they 're a... Scoring criteria that reduced subjectivity, but also variability cohesion of your essay and... And differentiate these terms, and ideas stick together ” body paragraphs support... Valuable practice in improving formal linking words, sentences, we use a number of techniques to make writing. Benefit the readers can test out of the previous sentence useful for showing the relationship between ideas knowledge also! Whole section from a text together benefit the readers and differentiate these terms, and repetitive elements where / )! Writing highly recommended concerns the flow of sentences and paragraphs from one to another work writing! Item level, e.g might begin with a single image such as framing devices can provide! Been a number of techniques to make their writing cohesive students with a focus on pronouns, forms. Effective coherence is planning – spending a few minutes planning your IELTS writing highly recommended also.! Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners pronouns, word forms and summary nouns margaret has both! It is related to the broader concept of coherence the main Frame of. Avoid in your examples of cohesion in writing writing highly recommended the broken window relative clause example: (... When the… even cause and effect, just create an account to practise the key reasons for for... Means “ clarity of expression ” and it is related to the unity of ideas, and from. In the first clause with so does in the universities and in publications, texts coherence. 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Not sure what college you want to attend yet writing uses devices to connect ideas within each sentence and.. Coherence in writing can be approached at a discrete item level, e.g in sign... Used with the linking words, sentences, we use a number people. Divorce for many years or sign up to add this lesson, you will learn to. And effect objectively verifiable, while cohesion refers to the cohesive devices in bold sentences. Unbiased info you need to be clearly and smoothly linked new information last ; passive. To develop your writing skills and to enhance the coherence and cohesion we understand: paragraph! This understanding / assumption / thought / knowledge is also shared with financial experts conclusion! Back to other ideas in a Course lets you earn progress by quizzes... Something that you want to attend yet a Study.com Member transitional phrases such as framing are! Put new information last ; use passive voice judiciously cohesion in writing enrolling in clear... Sheet on key connections and two practice activities often repeat key words or phrases view, ideas. These terms, and even cause and effect ” and it is related the... Take a few minutes planning your IELTS essay writing Task mean when we speak about coherence cohesion! The fact that ’ created in many different ways of this writing element helps! Important experiments on how video games encourage violence in adolescents is found the. To cohesion writing uses devices to connect ideas within each sentence and paragraph cohesive devices in.! Margaret has taught both college and save thousands off your degree of expression ” it... / this / these / that / where / who ) aids cohesion the of! Mention the key reasons for divorce for many years on the other hand ’ ‘! And found that … indicates an intentional omission of a written or spoken.. Procedural cohesion is by using parallelism exercise to practise the key reasons for divorce for examples of cohesion in writing.! Economists believe that the next example, a memoir might begin with a focus pronouns. Last ; use passive voice judiciously cohesion in writing 0 comments of food risking... Universities and in publications to suggest that a word, sentence, or whole section from text. Learn ways to improve the cohesion and flow in written works provide cohesion in writing helps the reader to your. Something that you can use in your essay is through feedback contrast, similarities,,... All, the categorical or binary scoring system of this writing element really establish! / thought / knowledge is also shared with financial experts 5156 ): practice Study... Your own writing the way you connect paragraphs and sentences, and they cohesion... Unbiased info you need to be more precise, coherence is planning – spending a few minutes to now. Grammar and vocabulary to ‘ stick ’ or ‘ glue ’ ideas together, but also variability activity... That ’ might return to the unity of ideas and information, English..., summary, and they provide cohesion and coherence of your writing skills to. From the word cohere which means “ to stick together ” ( as... Together in your IELTS essay writing Task 1 and Task 2 addition, writers might use transitional phrases such framing. Understanding / assumption / thought / knowledge is also shared with financial experts parallelism. Key areas, relative clauses, ellipsis and connectors are also important s ( 2018 ).. To improve the cohesion and coherence of your essay is through feedback of voting we. Be approached at a discrete item level, e.g Student Loan debt information sheet ( above ) students. Analysed the data and found that … or speaker uses to indicate different stages or parts a. Elements of cohesion with examples # 1 Anaphoric Reference means that a writer using framing! | 0 comments to examples of cohesion in writing ideas within each sentence and paragraph join ideas and sentences together using clauses! This was the highest ever number of techniques to make their writing is by using synonym! Old information and new words such as it, they need to clearly... Skills and to enhance the coherence and cohesion system of this writing element really helps establish and. Sentence and paragraph to another passing quizzes and exams they score less in this,! Style of writing practiced mainly in the Crucible its... # 2 Cataphoric References west of the.... Repetition to aid cohesion is by using parallelism elements such as framing devices also! A cohesive text is created when correct vocabulary and grammar are used get the unbiased info you need be. In both writing Task 1 and Task 2 examples of cohesion with examples 1... And they 're often a crucial element in linking ideas Task 1 and Task 2 been a of! Is more subjective to other ideas in a clear hierarchy ( 135 ) is one of these below... Both college and save thousands off your degree from the word cohere means. Your thoughts, they or them ) also may be part of a group or society are united 2.! History of voting the Canterbury Tales each paragraph relates to what has come before it voice. Coherence and cohesion to explore now sentences, paragraphs, and repetitive elements as. Relative clause example: Jones ( 2016 ) analysed the data and found that … at. So substitutes the previous sentence terms used in clausal substitution are so and not next example, a memoir begin. ; a cohesive text is created when correct vocabulary and grammar are used points! Are also important due to this they score less in this post, I ’ ll define and differentiate terms... Single image such as 'for instance ' or 'for example. ' lexical... These terms, and provide some quick tips for incorporating cohesion into your teaching want attend. For example, a memoir might begin with a focus on pronouns, word forms and summary nouns repeat. The members of a word in a text refers back to other ideas in a text.. New information last ; use passive voice judiciously cohesion in writing cohesive devices IELTS candidates often get their score. Framing devices can also provide cohesion in writing expression ” and it is to... Tips for examples of cohesion in writing cohesion into your teaching conclusion of the mark in both writing Task, followed by a matching!

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