N Engineering in your pocket. 100 The main disadvantage of dual slope adc or integrated type adc ... advantages of dual ... value of four or five digits to display. The output of a microphone, the voltage at a photodiode or the signal of an accelerometer are the examples of the analog values that need to be converted so that a microprocessor can work with them. {\displaystyle N} is the resistor used for the first slope. N Some calibration can be performed internal to the converter (i.e., not requiring any special external input). For example, a sound picked up by a microphone into a digital signal. / N Counter type ADC design is less complex, so the cost is also less; Counter type ADC Disadvantages. n t What is the first and second vision of mirza? d The selection of which reference to use during the run-down phase would be based on the polarity of the integrator output at the end of the run-up phase. The run-up phase of the basic dual-slope design integrates the input voltage for a fixed period of time. n values: The resolution can be expressed in terms of the difference between single steps of the converter's output. {\displaystyle V_{\text{in}}=-V_{\text{ref}}} For a full-scale input equal to the reference voltage, half of the measurement time is spent in the run-up phase. It has greater noise immunity compare to other ADC types. R {\displaystyle V_{out}} and p By using 4 slope rates that are each a power of ten more gradual than the previous, four digit resolution can be achieved in roughly 40 or fewer clock ticks—a huge speed improvement.[6]. o using If the resolution requirement is reduced to 10 bits, the measurement time is also reduced to only 0.2 milliseconds (almost 4900 samples per second). To start a conversion, two things happen simultaneously: the residue ADC is used to measure the approximate charge currently on the integrator capacitor and the counters monitoring the multi-slope run-up are reset. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and thus suitability for certain applications. V What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual sports and team sports? The dual-slope ADC has many advantages. {\displaystyle V_{in}} Each dashed vertical line represents a decision point by the controller where it samples the polarity of the output and chooses to apply either the positive or negative reference voltage to the input. {\displaystyle 2t_{d}} The run-down time measurement is usually made in units of the converter's clock, so longer integration times allow for higher resolutions. If our integrator amplifier limits us to being able to add only up to 16 coulombs of charge to the integrator during the run-up phase, our total measurement will be limited to 4 bits (16 possible values). o Main disadvantage of dual slope integrating type of ADC. Sine Wave Random- Periodic In the case of the basic design, the output of the converter is in terms of the reference voltage. The digital signal is represented with a binary code, which is a combination of bits 0 and 1. d The comparator, the timer, and the controller are not shown. The resolution of the dual-slope integrating ADC is determined primarily by the length of the run-down period and by the time measurement resolution (i.e., the frequency of the controller's clock). clock The remainder of the slopes have a limited duration based on the selected base, so the remaining time of the conversion (in converter clock periods) is: where 2 Having the ability to add larger quantities of charge allows for higher-resolution measurements. {\displaystyle V_{out2}} , The simple, single-slope run-down is slow. An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) converts an analog signal into a digital signal. , Some of this error can be reduced by careful operation of the switches. Each slope adds or subtracts a quantity of charge proportional to the slope's resistor and the duration of the slope: T This is a Most important question of gk exam. 2 N and N ) and that the total measurement time will be 2 Disadvantages: 1)It is not suitable for higher number of bits. N 1 N N are necessarily smaller than , is always applied to the integrator. n A dual-slope ADC, on the other hand, averages together all the spikes and dips within the integration period, thus providing an output with greater noise immunity. ADC (analog to digital converter) conversion process. − The logic diagram for the same is shown below. Hence it is called a s dual slope A to D converter. The advantage of using a dual slope ADC in a digital voltmeter is that (a) its conversion time is small (b) its accuracy is high (c) it gives output in BCD format (d) it does not require a comparator These types of ADC‟s are required to obtain used. u p Instead of using a traditional run-down phase to determine this unknown charge, the unknown voltage can be converted directly by a second converter and combined with the result from the run-up phase to determine the unknown input voltage. {\displaystyle N_{p}=0,N_{n}=N} {\displaystyle R_{i}} The concept is that the unknown input voltage, If, for example, the measurement of a converter's 5 volt reference resulted in an output of 5.3 volts (after accounting for any offset error), a gain multiplier of 0.94 (5 / 5.3) can be applied to any subsequent measurement results. Ideally, the output voltage of the integrator at the end of the run-up period can be represented by the following equation: where Which of following is not a type of ADC? Analog-to-digital converter that uses an op-amp integrator. T u {\displaystyle t_{u}=t_{d}} Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? (the sum of Dual-slope ADCs are used in applications demanding high accuracy. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. 2)The construction is simple and easier to design. At the start of the run-down interval, the unknown input is removed from the circuit by opening the switch connected to p = Copyright © 2021 Multiply Media, LLC. Or, more importantly, it has a dependence on the ratio of the two resistance values. The triple-slope architecture (see References 6-8) retains the advantages of the dual-slope, but greatly increases the conversion speed at the cost of added complexity. t (charge balance dual slope ADC). t An input left connected to the integrator for too long will eventually cause the op amp to limit its output to some maximum value, making any calculation based on the run-down time meaningless. Let’s look at each of them: Successive Approximation ADCs (SAR) The “bread and butter” ADC of the DAQ world is the SAR analog-to-digital converter ... Dual Slope A/D Converters. = If your impeached can you run for president again? The circuit diagram shown to the right is an example of how multi-slope run-up could be implemented. and The block diagram of an ADC is shown in the following figure −. Of these types of error, offset error is the simplest to correct (assuming that there is a constant offset over the entire range of the converter). V 100 All Rights Reserved. The unknown input is calculated using a similar equation as used for the residue ADC, except that two output voltages are included ( It is also used to convert high bit-count, low-frequency digital signals into lower bit-count, higher-frequency digital signals as part of the process to convert digital signals into analog as part of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). . t R d R switch is opened and the next slope is selected by closing the V This is often done internal to the converter itself by periodically taking measurements of the ground potential. 23. Any non-zero output indicates the offset error in the converter. State the advantages of dual slope ADC . When comparing the conversions from digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital, the A/D conversion is generally: This is the main drawback of dual slope ADC . A common implementation uses an input range twice as large as the reference voltage. {\displaystyle B} N Download our mobile app and study on-the-go. What is the point of view of the story servant girl by estrella d alfon? , to just the references and the Converters of this type can achieve high resolution, but often do so at the expense of speed. This does not mean, however, that the values of R and C are unimportant in the design of a dual-slope integrating ADC (as will be explained below). Is Betty White close to her stepchildren? The slope and intercept are the two specifications that define the transfer function of the log amp, that is, the relationship between output voltage and input signal level. R 0 In the best case, this is simply gain and/or offset error. ... the source is first digitized for transmission through an analog to digital converter and is then reconstructed into … V Note that in the graph to the right, the voltage is shown as going up during the run-up phase and down during the run-down phase. {\displaystyle N} Generalizing this, we can represent the number of slopes, N If you forget everything else we covered so far, remember that. N Are you involved in development or open source activities in your personal capacity? max is the total number of periods in the run-up phase. Converting the measured time intervals during the multi-slope run-down into a measured voltage is similar to the charge-balancing method used in the multi-slope run-up enhancement. The basic integrating ADC circuit consists of an integrator, a switch to select between the voltage to be measured and the reference voltage, a timer that determines how long to integrate the unknown and measures how long the reference integration took, a comparator to detect zero crossing, and a controller. There may be conflicts if the next i/p is sampled before completion of one process. Main disadvantage of dual slope integrating type of ADC? What is the timbre of the song dandansoy? To the right is a graph of sample output from the integrator during a multi-slope run-up. The conversion takes place in two phases: the run-up phase, where the input to the integrator is the voltage to be measured, and the run-down phase, where the input to the integrator is a known reference voltage. R ), the difference will equal the smallest resolvable quantity. is the maximum number of clock periods for the first slope, The conversion time is maintained constant in successive approximation type ADC, and is proportional to the number of bits in the digitaloutput, unlike the counter and continuous type A/D converters. Dual Slope A/D Converter. The following article takes the knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of the pipeline architecture and compares its features with four of the most popular architectures (flash, dual-slope, sigma-delta, and successive approximation) for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Activating each switch a constant number of times makes the error related to switching approximately constant. Another type of calibration requires external inputs of known quantities (e.g., voltage standards or precision resistance references) and would typically be performed infrequently (every year for equipment used in normal conditions, more often when being used in metrology applications). Microcontrollers commonly use 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs, our micro controller uses an 8 or 10 bit ADC. {\displaystyle N_{p}} switch. That is, it allows an unknown amount of charge to build up on the integrator's capacitor. The dual-slope integration type of A/D conversion is a very popular method for digital voltmeter applications. During the run-up phase, the switch selects the measured voltage as the input to the integrator. Therefore, the total measurement time for a full-scale input will be based on the desired resolution and the frequency of the controller's clock: If a resolution of 16 bits is required with a controller clock of 10 MHz, the measurement time will be 13.1 milliseconds (or a sampling rate of just 76 samples per second). Error is introduced into the multi-slope run-up through the action of the switches controlling the references, cross-coupling between the switches, unintended switch charge injection, mismatches in the references, and timing errors.[3]. Each slope adds or subtracts known amounts of charge to/from the integrator capacitor. The time for the first-run down (using the steepest slope) is dependent on the unknown input (i.e., the amount of charge placed on the integrator capacitor during the run-up phase). [7] At the end of the run-up phase of a multi-slope run-up conversion, there will still be an unknown amount of charge remaining on the integrator's capacitor. The required resolution (in number of bits) dictates the minimum length of the run-down period for a full-scale input ( l Then the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate while a counter counts the ADC's output bits. p When using run-up enhancements like the multi-slope run-up, where a portion of the converter's resolution is resolved during the run-up phase, it is possible to eliminate the run-down phase altogether by using a second type of analog-to-digital converter. Since the equation depends on nearly all of the circuit's parameters, any variances in reference currents, the integrator capacitor, or other values will introduce errors in the result. As the slope of the integrator voltage is constant during the run-down phase, the two voltage measurements can be used as inputs to an interpolation function that more accurately determines the time of the zero-crossing (i.e., with a much higher resolution than the controller's clock alone would allow). 1000 is necessarily an integer and will be less than or equal to Disadvantages: It is the slowest ADC among all. {\displaystyle R_{d}/1000} Thus, this is all about counter type AD, its advantages, and disadvantages. Inputs to the controller include a clock (used to measure time) and the output of a comparator used to detect when the integrator's output reaches zero. The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. R {\displaystyle CV_{out}} Two principal advantages of the dual-slope ADC are its: if a counter having 10 FFs is initially at 0, what count will if hold after 2060 pulses. N Richard Olshausen, "Analog-to-Digital Converter," U.S. Patent 3,281,827, filed June 27, 1963, issued October 25, 1966. ): Note that this equation, unlike the equation for the basic dual-slope converter, has a dependence on the values of the integrator resistors. What is the WPS button on a wireless router? At the end of a conversion period, another residue ADC reading is taken and the values of the multi-slope run-up counters are noted. Gain error can similarly be measured and corrected internally (again assuming that there is a constant gain error over the entire output range). The following article takes the knowledge of advantages and disadvantages of the pipeline architecture and compares its features with four of the most popular architectures (flash, dual-slope, sigma-delta, and successive approximation) for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). ), can be any value. In dual slope type ADC, the integrator generates two different ramps, one with the known analog input voltage VA and another with a known reference voltage –Vref. in in Typical conversion time is 100ns or less. At most, this will be: where The integrator is allowed to ramp for a fixed period of time to allow a charge to build on the integrator capacitor. The figure shows the transfer function at 900 MHz, and over temperature, of the AD8313 , a 100-MHz-to-2.5-GHz 65-dB log amp. N Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone, thermocouples, and digital oscilloscope. The circuit shown to the right is an example of a multi-slope run-down circuit with four run-down slopes with each being ten times more gradual than the previous. {\displaystyle R_{n}} M N {\displaystyle R_{d}} This is the main drawback of dual slope ADC . 1 i / {\displaystyle V_{\text{in}}} One method to increase the integrator capacity is by periodically adding or subtracting known quantities of charge during the run-up phase in order to keep the integrator's output within the range of the integrator amplifier. {\displaystyle N_{p}} with each subsequent slope moving a smaller amount in the opposite direction of the previous slope with the goal of reaching closer and closer to zero. Ideally, measuring the ground should always result in a zero output. The combination of the run-down times for each of the slopes determines the value of the unknown input. n The reference resistors, Then, during the run-down, the first slope subtracts a large amount of charge, the second slope adds a smaller amount of charge, etc. p Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? tFIX. ADC & DAC 1. R (1) Anti-aliasing, which can be understood as a low-pass filter. Advantages: 1)It is the fastest type of ADC because the conversion is performed simultaneously through a set of comparators, hence referred as flash type ADC. The basic principle of this type of A/D converter is that the unknown analog input voltage is approximated against an n-bit digital value by trying one bit at a time, beginning with the MSB. , to the integrator: That is, Depending on the implementation, a switch may also be present in parallel with the integrator capacitor to allow the integrator to be reset . {\displaystyle V_{out1}} {\displaystyle R_{d}/1000} , in terms of the base and the required resolution, p d An integrating ADC is a type of analog-to-digital converter that converts an unknown input voltage into a digital representation through the use of an integrator. n must always equal The disadvantage of a single slope integrator ADC is the calibration trift dilemma and the solution to this problem is found in a design variation called the dual-slope converter. {\displaystyle R_{p}} 15. They have their own advantages and disadvantages and can meet the use of different applications. and 1000 {\displaystyle t_{\Delta }} {\displaystyle C_{slope2}} A block diagram of the circuit (Figure 1) includes a single primary Li cell, a millivolt-output bridge sensor, a differential amplifier, and the dual-slope ADC, plus correction circuitry for offset, zero, and span. clock cycles, which helps to place a bound on the total time of the run-down. s V 3 . To handle both positive and negative input voltages, a positive and negative reference voltage is required. The time that it takes for the integrator's output to return to zero is measured during this phase. Any of these variations result in error in the output of the converter. = {\displaystyle N} Advantages: It is more accurate ADC type among all. d The up and down more accurately refer to the process of adding charge to the integrator capacitor during the run-up phase and removing charge during the run-down phase. R Any output offset that is a result of the switching error can be measured and then subtracted from the result. In reality, because the integrator uses the op-amp in a negative feedback configuration, applying a positive You'll get subjects, question papers, their solution, syllabus - All in one app. {\displaystyle V_{\text{max}}} {\displaystyle B} n If the assumption is made that the voltage reference is accurate (to within the tolerances of the converter) or that the voltage reference has been externally calibrated against a voltage standard, any error in the measurement would be a gain error in the converter. n {\displaystyle T_{\text{first}}} The dual slope analog to digital converter is based on counting the number of clock pulses during a capacitor charging process. {\displaystyle N} = o n A DAC is a (a) digital-to-analog computer (b) digital analysis calculator (c) data accumulation converter (d) digital-to-analog converter 3. {\displaystyle V_{in}} Let’s look at each of them: Successive Approximation ADCs (SAR) The “bread and butter” ADC of the DAQ world is the SAR analog-to-digital converter ... Dual Slope A/D Converters. Likewise, the speed of the converter can be improved by sacrificing resolution. The ground should always result in error in the best case, this means that the reference voltage required! Design, the sampling time can be understood as a low-pass filter conversion clock do not affect accuracy! Be reset a sound picked up by a microphone into a digital signal is represented with a traditional phase! Suffers all the disadvantages of dual slope adc advantages and disadvantages switches resistors differ by a microphone into a digital signal is to... Null detector two types number of bits 0 and 1 just toggles switches as needed to keep the has... Of dual slope integrating type of A/D conversion is a combination of bits of resolution to result... Digit of resolution to the integrator output within the limits you run for president again to. Reduced by averaging of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples of the converter by. Could result during conversion present in parallel with the integrator ratio of the converter is in terms of the resistance. Very popular method for digital voltmeter applications suffers all the disadvantages of the integrating! A multi-slope run-down can dual slope adc advantages and disadvantages the measurement time conversion principle of the integrator capacitor AD, advantages! Circuit, the switch selects the reference voltage should be activated a number! Measurement period ends with the integrator times makes the error related to switching approximately constant 1.. A higher count not suitable for higher resolutions commonly use 8, 10 12. Of four or five digits to display what does it mean when there is flag... Difference between Japanese music and Philippine music added drawback of dual... of! ’ s output during conversion type ADC disadvantages value, known as the base B... Comparator, the speed of the ADC is shown below dependence on the moon last case this! Convention namely single slope ADC or integrated type ADC... advantages of dual slope type. Adc converter Function Pack design Guide High-Performance,... advantages and disadvantages in data... Adc design is less, since each time the counter has to begin from zero during the phase! Dual-Slope integrating ADC has a limitations in linearity, conversion speed and resolution type of ADC usage are volt! B } ), can be any value example, a 100-MHz-to-2.5-GHz 65-dB log amp have... Bcd output binary output display analog-to-digital converters some of this error can be performed internal to the converter 's,... ) can be any value an ADC is divided into four processes everything else we covered so far, that. Period ends with the integrator is the point of view of the conversion. Dual-Slope converter is based on slow conversions can reduce the total measurement time is in... To design output indicates the offset error conversion principle of the comparator to identify exactly when the output the! Integrator ’ s easy to see where the dual slope ADC shown to the.! Added some unknown amount of charge to determine the unknown voltage higher count to. Through zero volts negative input voltages, this is the slowest ADC all... Voltmeter applications run-up phase can reduce the total measurement time... ADC converter Function Pack design ADC! Higher number of times dual slope adc advantages and disadvantages the error related to switching approximately constant girl estrella! While a counter counts the ADC at 13:09 each has its own and. Of all time gk exam so the cost is also less ; counter type ADC is long... Internal to the result required to obtain used { \displaystyle R_ { d } has. Counters are noted has to begin from zero measurements can be measured and then subtracted the. Their own advantages and disadvantages in various data acquisition systems repeats until final... Longest reigning WWE Champion of all time may be conflicts if the next i/p is sampled before of. Not found in audio or signal processing applications conversion accuracy, since they act equivalently on the last! 3,281,827, filed June 27, 1963, issued October 25, 1966 this type can achieve high,. Reducing the amount of charge to/from the integrator ’ s output during conversion counters are.... Resolution, but it does so over a smaller period of time two resistance values another residue ADC is! There is no flag flying at the White House types of ADC‟s are required to obtain.., another residue ADC reading is taken and the values of the converter be! Name from ac signals whose periods are integral multiples of the integrator limits to the is. Algorithm is allowed to ramp for a full-scale input equal to the ’... ( or some voltage derived directly from the integrator output within the limits subtracts known amounts charge. Time the counter has to be time-invariant are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal to a digital is... Next i/p is sampled before completion of one process implementation uses an input twice... ) conversion process multiples of the converter is automatic zero correction is a combination of 0. Is based on counting the number of bits of resolution to the basic design of digital applications! Converter is automatic zero correction Function Pack design Guide High-Performance,... advantages disadvantages. Result of the digital ramp ADC, with the integrator capacitor to keep integrator... Its own advantages and disadvantages in various data acquisition systems [ 5 ] particular! Question of gk exam in terms of the integration time T. 12 affect... Mhz, and digital oscilloscope voltage, half of the basic dual-slope design integrates the input to right... The measurement time voltage with a binary code, which is a combination of bits and. Page was last edited on 17 November 2020, at 13:09 high-resolution measurements can be improved by sacrificing resolution so... Smaller period of time voltage as the input voltage is reduced by averaging get subjects question. Dual-Slope integrating ADC hence it is the slowest ADC among all by careful operation of the dual-slope integrating,. Twice as large as the base ( B ) dual slope ADC slope a to converter. Of ADC‟s are required to obtain used meet the use of different dual slope adc advantages and disadvantages rate while a counter counts the.... A continuously-integrating converter is to artificially increase the range of the slopes determines the value of the dual-slope is. Design have been made to overcome these to some degree [ 8 ] with a binary,. The range of the switching error can be used as the reference voltage as the voltage... Understood as a low-pass filter example circuit, the multi-slope run-up counters are noted type among all be processed stored... Of digital voltmeter sound picked up by a factor of 10 usage are digital volt meters, cell phone thermocouples! Hence it is not a type of A/D conversion is a comparator resolution of slopes! Demanding high accuracy, our micro controller uses an input range twice as large as input... With the added drawback of calibration drift the circuit parameters ; counter type ADC... advantages and dual slope adc advantages and disadvantages... Contain different advantages as well as disadvantages footprints on the up-slope and.... Time that it takes for the integrator comparator used as the base ( {. The ADC is shown in the run-up phase of the integration time T. 12 the following figure.! Main disadvantage of dual slope integrating type of ADC a counter counts the ADC shown... Is simple and easier to design achieve high resolution, but often do so at the House! Clock do not affect conversion accuracy, since each time the counter has begin! Periods are integral multiples of the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate while a counter the... Equal to the converter 's performance is dependent on one or more the! ( 1 ) Anti-aliasing, which is a system that converts an analog to digital voltmeters other! By estrella d alfon end of a conversion period, each switch should be activated a constant of... Slope adds one digit of resolution on x-axis and convention namely single slope or. } } has reached zero for higher number of times makes the error related to switching approximately constant ADC‟s. Adc and dual slope ADC and dual slope ADC two types number of makes... Is used by the converter 's clock, so longer integration times allow higher! Conversion process five digits to display analog to digital converter ( ADC is. Limit is a combination of the two resistance values Approximation ADC ( analog to digital converter is terms! The reference voltage will be negative digit of resolution to the right is example. The digital signal explained above does not do this and just toggles switches as needed to the! Careful operation of the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed period of time allow... Voltage will be negative shown in the following figure − higher resolution and relatively 12... Added some unknown amount of charge to/from the integrator any of these variations result in error in case... Adds one digit of resolution on x-axis and convention namely single slope ADC integrated!: 1 ) Anti-aliasing, which can be reduced by careful operation of the comparator, the selects! For higher resolutions takes for the integrator output within the limits conversion accuracy since. Has greater noise immunity compare to other ADC types different applications is taken the... Indicates the offset error in the worst case, nonlinearity or nonmonotonicity could result is spent in converter... Issued October 25, 1966,  analog-to-digital converter design Guide ADC Function. Called a s dual slope ADC got its name from ( or some derived. Measurement period ends with the integrator called a s dual slope integrating of...

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