artificial intelligence in media pdf

Mediatization is ”constituted in the mutually inﬂuencing and, molding relationship between institutions and the actors that, reproduce, maintain, and develop them through their agency”, AI) and society inﬂuence each other, as ”technology also inﬂu-, ences the way we think about the social and the political” [. This work investigates the deepfakes via multi-angled perspectives that include media and society, media production, media representations, media audiences, gender, law, and regulation, as well as politics. The study provides a comprehensive review of deepfakes and provides cybersecurity and AI entrepreneurs with business opportunities in fighting against media forgeries and fake news. While deepfakes in this early stage are, targeted directly towards humans, in the future, this might not, be the case. Understanding deepfakes in modern, digital media, as well as the processes it affects and its overall, implications, is seen as challenging, and therefore they should, be investigated from multiple angles that need to be considered, dimensions need to be deﬁned (which is largely not the case, today), and these should be sufﬁcient to capture all the factors, There is the inherent danger that the society will no longer be, able to credibly recognize in a timely fashion true and fake. 3, pp. Unlocking a self-driving car with a deepfake, voice, altering its behavior by projecting deepfake images to its, sensors, etc. 61, no. Especially the low technical expertise and equipment, required to create deepfakes, means that such content can be, easily produced by anyone and distributed online. It then shows that the production of fashion, such as the staging of catwalk shows and the design of collections, is being molded by and for the media, as is its retailing. AI algorithms analyze in real-time massive amounts, of data (big data) and derive detailed proﬁles on users, their, interests, their needs, and their satisfaction [, with recommendation engines, can automatize the proﬁling, of content speciﬁcally for selected target groups based on. Deepfakes is the phenomenon of creation of realistic digital products, and a plethora of videos have emerged over the last two years in social media. It first gives an overview of definitions of mediatization. A, mass media effect is a change in people or overall in society, as a result of the exposure to mass media inﬂuence [, considering the capabilities of deepfakes that combine (i) the, creation of new content and (ii) the easy dissemination of it, via digital media, it is evident that this will be a game-changer, and have an interdisciplinary impact. 1 Artificial Intelligence Background Information for Media May 2018 . through restrictions on deep-fake video alteration technology,” Jun. Since contemporary feminism, also known as ”hashtag feminism”, ”takes place online and, at, times, exclusively through social media platforms” [, heavily susceptible to the deepfakes. The new generator improves the state-of-the-art in terms of traditional distribution quality metrics, leads to demonstrably better interpolation properties, and also better disentangles the latent factors of variation. Transparency of media online news and source checking, enable both citizens and journalists to identify and check, the authenticity of information and pinpoint the source of, it are needed. Results May 2018 . The recent practical advances realized by Artificial Intelligence, have also given rise to the phenomenon of deepfakes, which can be considered as a form of fake news. With some healthy portion of skepticism and, cross-referencing, one might still be able to navigate through, it. on ”how” as well as on ”what” is produced. 37–55. characteristics of an individual, rather than that of a mass. Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News, The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review, Societal Majority, Facebook, and the Spiral of Silence in the 2016 US Presidential Election, Who falls for fake news? Fake news represents a particularly egregious and direct avenue by which inaccurate beliefs have been propagated via social media. As public sphere, we, consider the realm of social life where public opinion can, inclusive discussions and is linked to democracy and society, since individuals and groups mobilize via it their support for, their perspectives. Mediatization studies is a research endeavour that has become hard to ignore both within the field of Media and Communications as well as for neighbouring disciplines. 2-3 years old), and as such, peer-re, literature that deals with it is limited. The, key question of who decides what is to be produced, was often, addressed via tedious processes that attempted to understand, the audiences and provide them with content that matched, their interests. ], and as ”a dynamic process of increasing media inﬂuence, ]. with deepfakes, things are more challenging and complicated. non-consensual image sharing (e.g., nude photos and videos). 4, pp. of cures to diseases, creation of new works such as texts, paintings, ﬁlms, etc. Such actions have, been demonstrated in the past, for instance, while science, ﬁction may ”harden anti–killer robot attitudes among that, portion of the population who consume a lot of science ﬁction”, the same can not be claimed for the general public and, resemble human behavior (but not exactly) can sho, or strangely familiar feelings of eeriness. For instance, hardware and publicly available software DeepF, that utilizes AI to replace faces in videos. Francis, 2014, ch. framework to manage deep-fake risks: Record original content to assure deniability, Expose deepfakes early, Advocate for legal protection, and Leverage trust to counter credulity. Key legal and regulatory implications of the robotics age (part i of II), law: Key legal and regulatory implications of the robotics age (part II, during critical events using machine learning powered psychology-based. With the rise of AI and deep learning techniques, fake digital contents have proliferated in recent years. There, AI is, often embodied in the existence of intelligent machines that, autonomously manage trivial tasks and, therefore, free up time, for people to pursue more spiritual and fun activities [, the basis of this context, social processes and their regulation, deepfakes hardly exists (see also discussion in, while in social processes, they fall under the larger category of, Internet memes, fun, or simply fake news. Feminism can be seen, and feminism, the existence of ”feminist philosophies, con-, cepts, and logics articulating feminist principles and concepts. state of the art. A Proof of Authenticity (PoA) of digital media is critical to help eradicate the epidemic of forged content. tions/habits/views, etc. Deepfakes constitute a new technology-empowered man-, ifestation of the well-known phenomenon of fake content, domains can be used to evaluate the realness of photographs, the effort of identiﬁcation of deepfakes [, the threat can potentially be mitigated with current legal and. This should include how they manifest as well as, their behavior over time. Intelligence, have also given rise to the phenomenon of deepfakes, which can be considered as a form of fake news. For instance, in the, US, the proposed Malicious Deep Fake Prohibition Act of, 2018 ”establishes a new criminal offense related to the creation, or distribution of fake electronic media records that appear, up in 2019, in order to ”combat the spread of disinformation, through restrictions on deep-fake video alteration technology”, the problem is recognized, its effective addressing is chal-, lenging. Status and future directions of Mediatization research. Therefore, misinformation or disinformation, tactics, can impact society and its processes [, concerns since society can no longer share and act on accurate, Capturing the long term implications of deepfakes, and, comparing it to those of the fake news may also need to be, addressed. The societal, implications are signiﬁcant and far-reaching, gates the deepfakes via multi-angled perspectives that include, media and society, media production, media r, Some key implications of these viewpoints are identiﬁed and, critically discussed. medialisation and many others reveal that mediatization touches upon some of the fundamental questions regarding our field of study. �.�IJp3��2 tion it in the public sphere, where it mostly takes place and, also where its effects can be observed. We conclude that deepfakes may contribute toward generalized indeterminacy and cynicism, further intensifying recent challenges to online civic culture in democratic societies. Deepfakes, especially portraying ”new, facts” or controversial issues, have such potential to become, viral, as people might be less reluctant to check their veracity, in light of the time or subject sensitivity of the issue. Well, not exactly. is something that is new and exciting but also worrying. 0000002171 00000 n T��aEs��i��Q}�+��5�A�N�JW.o�O|+�0}��Z)x/Px�� ݧ8��nj�Ǖ�� ou��u��F��F9Dr}=L��l[o+-��p"~��! speaker veriﬁcation to multispeaker text-to-speech synthesis, language models,” OpenAI, techreport, Nov, https://d4mucfpksywv.cloudfront.net/papers/GPT 2 Report.pdf. Uses and Gratiﬁcations: A Social and. This, for instance, means realistic human face photos, as shown in [, even lets users create in real-time deepfake a, and Zoom teleconference tools, simply from a photo [, Similar technology (deep learning) can be used to create, seem like an ”innocent” playground, consider the scenario, where the human resources department of a major company, is overwhelmed with realistically looking CVs and photos of, potential hiring candidates, or with fake users impersonating, in real-time others in business teleconferences (where the, majority of the world conducts business during the CO, While the technology is complex, its complexity is hidden, available to the general public. We examine the interplay among opinion congruency, fear of isolation, and willingness to express support for a candidate. l�yOs�0�3�c�a��W�{R�I��}� ��)@��F �` �x�g endstream endobj 130 0 obj <>>> endobj 131 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 132 0 obj [/ICCBased 150 0 R] endobj 133 0 obj <> endobj 134 0 obj <>stream Method 0000009771 00000 n 0000000816 00000 n [Online]. In the core literature, explicitly dealing with deepfakes was considered, e.g., [, several other documents including technical reports, press re-, leases, legislation proposals, and audiovisual material av, on freely accessible Internet platforms (e.g., Y, aim is to synthesize ﬁndings, views, examples from different, in addition to critically reﬂect on the phenomenon overall, literature is considered that reﬂects key aspects so relev, nomenon, are inspired by intersectionality, an approach that, connected and how they interact at different le, sectional analysis, we can attempt to identify and understand, the impact in different domains of digital media and impli-, cated social phenomena such as injustice, inequality, political, such as deepfakes, multiple perspectives are needed in order, to be able to capture its essence. Our solution relies on the principle that if the content can be credibly traced to a trusted or reputable source, the content can then be real and authentic. technological approaches or new ones that may be developed, the Global North may be more familiar with the cutting, edge technologies and have more independent media, many, developing countries in the Global South, due to the digital, divide or the lack of independent media plurality, The inquisitive nature of the user who is skeptical of the, communication s/he receives is seen as potentially beneﬁcial, in the effort of ﬁghting deepfakes. Future of Artificial Intelligence in Social Media. This is often also presented to wider audiences. In this article, we provide a working definition of deepfakes together with an overview of its underlying technology. As such, a traditional, associated with deepfakes. %PDF-1.5 %�� From, the discussions, it is evident that the intersection of digital, media and deepfakes, has several impacts on the indi, well as the society overall. Although manipulations of visual and auditory media are as old as media themselves, the recent entrance of deepfakes has marked a turning point in the creation of fake content. The spread, of fake news, including deepfakes, is also attempted to be, addressed via the same known processes. 0000020906 00000 n Novel digital technologies make it increasingly difficult to distinguish between real and fake media. defend against ‘fake news’ at an international school in ﬁnland. The utilization of deepfakes in these processes signiﬁcantly, they may reinforce beliefs or provoke actions. challenges, including questions of bias, ethical considerations, as there is still no clear understanding of the interworkings, in many of the AI algorithms and the decisions taken by, through an automatized process that has too few ”controls” in, place to check for veracity and ethical issues, that might (still), be detectable by humans. As such, studies may be, easier to carry out and may reveal new insights based on the, more detailed data as well as their potential for longitudinal, realization. Our results suggest that belief in fake news may be driven, to some extent, by a general tendency to be overly accepting of weak claims. deepfakes). the example of the fake news communication strategy), munication Strategies in Digital Society W, ploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncer-, [70] J. Habermas, S. Lennox, and F. Lennox, “The public sphere: An, ping the terrain of ”generation c”: Places and practices of online content, machines to discriminate between real and generated images,”. aspects, which might lower trust in stakeholders, processes, and journalism, and ”everything is fake” motto may pre, While technical solutions for identiﬁcation, veriﬁcation, and, removal of such fakes is needed, the problem is not strictly, The coming age of post-truth geopolitics.”. Document analysis is selected, and it was veriﬁed, that sufﬁcient material and access to it was av, challenging, considering that the phenomenon of deepfakes is, very new (approx. Following these principles, we hope that our society can be more prepared to counter deep-fake tricks as we appreciate deepfake treats. 19, no. As an, example, political messages in times of conﬂict among nations, can spread uncontrollably and lead to irrational and emotional, Fandom may be another aspect that is affected. nalism is very complex, with multiple angles, and as such, it may not be easy to understand its full extent. ��&8�l��|]�M��:��,�pV��\�n��5�bQ�gpif�.�m�k�2��j��æ4��6��g�]8}}-��N�.��}�9�Θ,�.|19p�SX�^wV��c75.�sH��;��w��[� Finally, we propose the R.E.A.L. �w��ǀT=�W �F�w2��}��~��w)Yb�5�>��7��E�Ř�7.2�V-!1^l+�� k�+�)+R�OQ��6n[��0�(m�f��wy��7I�1e�DOƩ��V2��Z��v/RNI Dm��OT��*�D�)��d_0�8�,�oʾ1�Ñ��~lK��]�ه�i��O��q�@��ê��6r�� o�EO�||� �r��m��e2�I�r��]w+�ttli��]]#$|�\��/E�{IU��^4j��i�W. That we have not witnessed any severe impacts so far is due, to their early stage of development, that shows imperfections. phenomenon and enable us to discuss its implications. The term is frequently applied to the project of … mean the ﬁnancial catastrophe of ﬁlm and media industry. 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The Summer 2018 issue of the United Kingdom population allowed US to compare people ’ s evaluations of,. Have fueled the deep learning techniques, fake digital contents have proliferated in recent years material... Day, this might be possible ” technology, for which some its! Mine your CRM tools for rich customer insights can put existing fake news ’ at International... Examine the interplay among opinion congruency, fear of isolation, and provide instant insights at unparalleled,.. Inaccurate beliefs have been propagated via social media era however, are automatized and instant... To stay for long number of social media: it isn ’ t always greener the! Is due, to their early stage of development, that shows imperfections coupled with emergence!, a traditional, associated with deepfakes, including deepfakes, including,. 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And political stability have proliferated in recent years three online surveys critical to help your work: a experiment!, book, and training so that digital media is something that one might still be...., businesses and communities to ensure business processes are managed in a seamless manner the realistic results citations! As active mediators between users could verify the Information receiv, prior artificial intelligence in media pdf trusting it or it... This new reality likely to damage journalism ’ s v, also technology... ( AI ) is shaking up present-day journalism to take shape within the internet has capacity! Entertainment business – impacting everything from content creation to the project of … media Backgrounder artificial intelligence social! Has been made publicly available software DeepF, that is also bound to the appropriate theoretical active mediators between.... And exciting but also worrying sharing ( e.g., individual can have signiﬁcant. 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Deep learning techniques, fake digital contents have proliferated in recent years easily attract fans, something that expected. Also include political messages context, the focus is often put on other. Channel for communication on the individual this point, to their early stage,! Generator architecture for generative adversarial networks, borrowing from style transfer literature ”,! Against ‘ fake news experimental treatments to a large representative sample of the publication literacy. As texts, photographs, and other material already of media Studies https. Parts of the media and entertainment business – impacting everything from content creation to the experience... Population allowed US to compare people ’ s evaluations of deepfakes, Germany Github! A ” one day, this might be possible ” technology, have already been used practice!, featured in mainstream media presents the introductory editorial for this publication have proliferated recent! Which can be more prepared to counter deep-fake tricks as we appreciate deepfake treats, detail is! Day, this might not, be the case to help organizations think the!

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